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排序算法

归并排序（Merge Sort）

归并排序是建立在归并操作上的一种有效的排序算法。该算法是采用分治法（Divide and Conquer）的一个非常典型的应用。将已有序的子序列合并，得到完全有序的序列；即先使每个子序列有序，再使子序列段间有序。若将两个有序表合并成一个有序表，称为2-路归并。

1. 归并排序的算法描述

把长度为n的输入序列分成两个长度为n/2的子序列；
对这两个子序列分别采用归并排序；
将两个排序好的子序列合并成一个最终的排序序列。

2. 归并排序的动图演示

归并排序的动图演示

3. 归并排序的算法分析

归并排序是一种稳定的排序方法。和选择排序一样，归并排序的性能不受输入数据的影响，但表现比选择排序好的多，因为始终都是O(nlogn）的时间复杂度。代价是需要额外的内存空间。

4. 归并排序的代码实现

1）JavaScript 代码实现

function mergeSort(arr) {  // 采用自上而下的递归方法
    var len = arr.length;
    if(len < 2) {
        return arr;
    }
    var middle = Math.floor(len / 2),
        left = arr.slice(0, middle),
        right = arr.slice(middle);
    return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right));
}

function merge(left, right)
{
    var result = [];

    while (left.length && right.length) {
        if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
            result.push(left.shift());
        } else {
            result.push(right.shift());
        }
    }

    while (left.length)
        result.push(left.shift());

    while (right.length)
        result.push(right.shift());

    return result;
}

2）Python 代码实现

def mergeSort(arr):
    import math
    if(len(arr)<2):
        return arr
    middle = math.floor(len(arr)/2)
    left, right = arr[0:middle], arr[middle:]
    return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))

def merge(left,right):
    result = []
    while left and right:
        if left[0] <= right[0]:
            result.append(left.pop(0))
        else:
            result.append(right.pop(0));
    while left:
        result.append(left.pop(0))
    while right:
        result.append(right.pop(0));
    return result

3）Go 代码实现

func mergeSort(arr []int) []int {
        length := len(arr)
        if length < 2 {
                return arr
        }
        middle := length / 2
        left := arr[0:middle]
        right := arr[middle:]
        return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))
}

func merge(left []int, right []int) []int {
        var result []int
        for len(left) != 0 && len(right) != 0 {
                if left[0] <= right[0] {
                        result = append(result, left[0])
                        left = left[1:]
                } else {
                        result = append(result, right[0])
                        right = right[1:]
                }
        }

        for len(left) != 0 {
                result = append(result, left[0])
                left = left[1:]
        }

        for len(right) != 0 {
                result = append(result, right[0])
                right = right[1:]
        }

        return result
}

4）Java 代码实现

public class MergeSort implements IArraySort {

    @Override
    public int[] sort(int[] sourceArray) throws Exception {
        // 对 arr 进行拷贝，不改变参数内容
        int[] arr = Arrays.copyOf(sourceArray, sourceArray.length);

        if (arr.length < 2) {
            return arr;
        }
        int middle = (int) Math.floor(arr.length / 2);

        int[] left = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, 0, middle);
        int[] right = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, middle, arr.length);

        return merge(sort(left), sort(right));
    }

    protected int[] merge(int[] left, int[] right) {
        int[] result = new int[left.length + right.length];
        int i = 0;
        while (left.length > 0 && right.length > 0) {
            if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
                result[i++] = left[0];
                left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
            } else {
                result[i++] = right[0];
                right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
            }
        }

        while (left.length > 0) {
            result[i++] = left[0];
            left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
        }

        while (right.length > 0) {
            result[i++] = right[0];
            right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
        }

        return result;
    }
}

5）Php 代码实现

function mergeSort($arr)
{
    $len = count($arr);
    if ($len < 2) {
        return $arr;
    }
    $middle = floor($len / 2);
    $left = array_slice($arr, 0, $middle);
    $right = array_slice($arr, $middle);
    return merge(mergeSort($left), mergeSort($right));
}

function merge($left, $right)
{
    $result = [];

    while (count($left) > 0 && count($right) > 0) {
        if ($left[0] <= $right[0]) {
            $result[] = array_shift($left);
        } else {
            $result[] = array_shift($right);
        }
    }

    while (count($left))
        $result[] = array_shift($left);

    while (count($right))
        $result[] = array_shift($right);

    return $result;
}

6）C 代码实现

int min(int x, int y) {
    return x < y ? x : y;
}
void merge_sort(int arr[], int len) {
    int *a = arr;
    int *b = (int *) malloc(len * sizeof(int));
    int seg, start;
    for (seg = 1; seg < len; seg += seg) {
        for (start = 0; start < len; start += seg * 2) {
            int low = start, mid = min(start + seg, len), high = min(start + seg * 2, len);
            int k = low;
            int start1 = low, end1 = mid;
            int start2 = mid, end2 = high;
            while (start1 < end1 && start2 < end2)
                b[k++] = a[start1] < a[start2] ? a[start1++] : a[start2++];
            while (start1 < end1)
                b[k++] = a[start1++];
            while (start2 < end2)
                b[k++] = a[start2++];
        }
        int *temp = a;
        a = b;
        b = temp;
    }
    if (a != arr) {
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
            b[i] = a[i];
        b = a;
    }
    free(b);
}

7）C++ 代码实现

template<typename T> // 整數或浮點數皆可使用,若要使用物件(class)時必須設定"小於"(<)的運算子功能
void merge_sort(T arr[], int len) {
    T *a = arr;
    T *b = new T[len];
    for (int seg = 1; seg < len; seg += seg) {
        for (int start = 0; start < len; start += seg + seg) {
            int low = start, mid = min(start + seg, len), high = min(start + seg + seg, len);
            int k = low;
            int start1 = low, end1 = mid;
            int start2 = mid, end2 = high;
            while (start1 < end1 && start2 < end2)
                b[k++] = a[start1] < a[start2] ? a[start1++] : a[start2++];
            while (start1 < end1)
                b[k++] = a[start1++];
            while (start2 < end2)
                b[k++] = a[start2++];
        }
        T *temp = a;
        a = b;
        b = temp;
    }
    if (a != arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
            b[i] = a[i];
        b = a;
    }
    delete[] b;
}

8）C# 代码实现

public static List<int> sort(List<int> lst) {
    if (lst.Count <= 1)
        return lst;
    int mid = lst.Count / 2;
    List<int> left = new List();  // 定义左侧List
    List<int> right = new List(); // 定义右侧List
    // 以下兩個循環把 lst 分為左右兩個 List
    for (int i = 0; i < mid; i++)
        left.Add(lst[i]);
    for (int j = mid; j <lst.Count; j++)
        right.Add(lst[j]);
    left = sort(left);
    right = sort(right);
    return merge(left, right);
}

static List<int> merge(Listlt;int> left, Listlt;int> right) {
    Listlt;int> temp = new Listlt;int>();
    while (left.Count > 0 && right.Count > 0) {
        if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
            temp.Add(left[0]);
            left.RemoveAt(0);
        } else {
            temp.Add(right[0]);
            right.RemoveAt(0);
        }
    }
    if (left.Count > 0) {
        for (int i = 0; i < left.Count; i++)
            temp.Add(left[i]);
    }
    if (right.Count > 0) {
        for (int i = 0; i < right.Count; i++)
            temp.Add(right[i]);
    }
    return temp;
}

9）Ruby 代码实现

def merge list
  return list if list.size < 2

  pivot = list.size / 2

  # Merge
  lambda { |left, right|
    final = []
    until left.empty? or right.empty?
      final << if left.first < right.first; left.shift else right.shift end
    end
    final + left + right
  }.call merge(list[0...pivot]), merge(list[pivot..-1])
end

下一节：快速排序

十大排序算法

快速排序（Quick Sort）：快速排序的基本思想：通过一趟排序将待排记录分隔成独立的两部分，其中一部分记录的关键字均比另一部分的关键字小，则可分别对这两部分记录继续进行排序，以达到整个序列有序。快速排序的算法描述：快速排序使用分治法来把一个串（list）分为两个子串（sub-lists）。具体算法描述如下：从数列中挑出一个元素，称为 “基准”（pivot）；

希尔排序

快速排序